ATP provides energy to drive many processes in living cells
ATP is found in all known forms of life
ATP is the "molecular unit of currency" in intracellular energy transfer
Chemical processes regenerate ATP so that the human body recycles
ITS OWN BODY WEIGHT worth of ATP each day; this is equivalent to a
recycling rate of 1000-1500 times during a single day
ATP is a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme
ATP is composed on a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate (the ATP molecule is shown above)
ATP is also used in a form of signal transduction which is particularly important
in brain function
ADT is one of four monomers that are required in the synthesis of RNA
ADT serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system
It is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and the three coenzymes --
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), NADH (a reduced form of NAD) and
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Brewer's (nutritional) yeast is the best food source of vitamin B4
NAD (25-75 mg/day) is usually taken on an empty stomach; sometimes it is
combined with 200 mg of ribose
It is a naturally produced substance that is used to promote wound healing and
to provide support for people with muscle wasting due to cancer or HIV/AIDS
In healthy people, HMB will increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size,
muscle strength, and lean body mass; it will also reduce damage from exercise
and expedite recovery from exercise.
HMB supplementation helps to preserve or increase lean body mass and muscle
strength in people exerpiencing age-related muscle loss.
HMB stimulates the production of proteins and inhibits the breakdown of proteins
in muscle tissue.
No adverse effects from long-term use have been found.
HMB is sold as a dietary supplement at a cost of about US$30–50 per month
when taking 3 grams per day.
HMB is also contained in several nutritional products, including certain
formulations of Ensure, Juven, and Myoplex.
HMB is also present in insignificant quantities in certain foods, such as alfalfa, asparagus, avocados, cauliflower, grapefruit, and catfish.
Since only a small fraction of HMB's metabolic precursor, l-leucine, is
metabolized into HMB, pharmacologically active concentrations of the
compound in blood plasma and muscle can only be achieved by supplementing
HMB directly.
A healthy adult produces approximately 0.3 grams per day, while supplemental
HMB is usually taken in doses of 3–6 grams per day.
HMB does not appear to significantly affect fat mass in older adults.
HMB is eliminated via the kidneys, with roughly 10–40% of an ingested dose
being excreted unchanged in urine.
HMB is synthesized in the human body through the metabolism of l-leucine,
a branched-chain amino acid. In healthy individuals, approximately 60% of dietary
l-leucine is metabolized after several hours, with roughly 5% (2–10% range) of
dietary l-leucine being converted to HMB.
During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA
hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme.
In healthy individuals, a minor pathway is the predominant route of HMB synthesis.
In the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy adults, the average
molar concentration of HMB has been measured at 4.0 micromolar. The average
concentration of HMB in the intramuscular fluid of healthy men of ages 21–23 has
been measured at 7.0 micromolar.
In a study where participants consumed 2.42 grams of pure HMB-FA while fasting,
the average plasma HMB concentration increased from a basal level of 5.1 micromolar
to 408 micromolar after 30 minutes. At 150 minutes post-ingestion, the average plasma HMB concentration among participants was 275 micromolar.
Leucine is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must
be obtained from the diet
A tolerable upper intake for leucine in healthy adult men can be suggested
at 500 mg/kg/d or 35 g/d under acute dietary conditions
In healthy individuals, approximately 60% of dietary l-leucine is metabolized
after several hours, with roughly 5% (2–10% range) of dietary l-leucine being
converted to HMB
Ribose is a naturally occurring sugar that helps to generate and recover ATP levels
(adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body’s primary energy carrying molecule).
ATP keeps your heart beating, muscles contracting and cells functioning. High levels of cellular energy are required to keep tissues running at peak performance.
Reports have also shown that Ribose can lower blood sugar levels.
There is no known reason for people developing Fibromyalgia. However we do know that people who have this condition also have low ATP levels and a reduced capacity to produce ATP in their muscles. Ribose fuels ATP synthesis which reduces muscle pain and enhances the quality of life for those suffering with fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue.
Phosphorus is a component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA
Phosphorus in seeds is in the form of phytic acid, the storage form of
phosphorus. Because human intestines lack the phytase enzyme, much
phosphorus in this form is unavailable for absorption.
Phosphorus and calcium make up hydroxyapatite
In the United States, dairy products contribute about 20% of
total phosphorus intake.
The absorption rate for the phosphorus naturally contained in food is
40%–70%; phosphorus from animal sources has a higher absorption rate
than that from plants.
In infants, phosphorus bioavailability ranges from 85%–90% for
human milk to approximately 59% for soy-based formulas.
Phosphorus is available in dietary supplements. Phosphorus in
supplements is usually in the form of phosphate salts (e.g.,
dipotassium phosphate or disodium phosphate) or phospholipids
(e.g., phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylserine). Products typically
provide 10% or less of the DV for phosphorus.
The bioavailability of phosphate salts is approximately 70%.
High phosphorus intakes rarely produce adverse effects in healthy people.
Antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide, such as Maalox HRF and Rulox,
bind phosphorus in the intestines.
Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency include loss of appetite, anxiety,
bone pain, fragile bones, stiff joints, fatigue, irregular breathing,
irritability, numbness, weakness, and weight change.
SARS-CoV-2 may induce a cytokine storm that drains ATP whose regeneration
requires phosphate and Mg
Symptoms observed in severe COVID-19 also fit well with those seen in classical hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia
"We, thus, argue that patients with COVID-19 should be monitored and treated
for phosphate and Mg deficiencies, ideally already in the early phases of infection."
Chloroquine is typically supplied as a phosphate salt (12% P), and can
supply 10%-20% of the recommended dietary intake for phosphate.
I had almost no sense of taste or smell after my original bout with COVID.
When I started taking Phosphorus supplements, my taste and smell returned; I also
had more energy and felt MUCH better.
There is evidence for highly prolonged shedding of COVID-19 in respiratory and faecal
samples, periodic recurrence of PCR positivity, and instances of reinfection associated
with a lack of protective immunity
Prolonged shedding occurs irrespective of disease severity or development of
virus-nuetralizing antibodies
COVID-19 shares characteristics with other RNA viruses such as hepatitis C; these
are capable of long-term persistence
Initially it was found that COVID-19 shedding occurred for about 17-18 days,
with 20 days for severe cases.
Immunocompetent subject remained PCR-positive for longer than 50 days, and in some
cases were shedding virus for up to 104 days.
There is a frequent reactivation of virus shedding post-COVID-19.
Several studies document frequent reactivation after 50 days or longer.
Prolonged, reactivations or reinfections all occurred irrespective of the presense of neutralizing antibody to COVID-19.
The occurrence of prolonged infections was unrelated to the severity of COVID-19.
Reinfections iwth COVID-19 can be as pathogenic and prolonged as primary infections.
There is evidence for widespread systemic infection in the GI tract, heart, kidneys,
and central nervous system.
A recent study had documented the presense of COVID-19 RNA in the olfactory
neuroepitheium in patients 110-196 days after COVID-19. These subjects reported
persistent or intermittent loss of smeel and taste dysfunctions.
A large number of coronaviruses are able to establish long-term infections in
birds, bats, rodments, and domestic and companion animals.
A study of human seasonal coronaviruses have found diagnosed virus after 30-40;
this indicates persistence or reactivation.
Lower-back pain is one of the most common symptoms; it can be seen in
double-vaccinated people and people who have taken a booster shot.
I had mild symptoms, but developed back-breaking pain. When I started taking
D-Ribose powder (along with the PHOS-NaK), my pain levels dropped considerably.
True sebaceous cysts are caused by the glands that secrete the oily matter (sebum) that
helps lubricate your skin and the hair. They are not as common as epidermoid cysts, which
occur when skin cells accrue under the skin instead of being shed from its surface.
Epidermoid Cyst
Dome-shaped cysts can be pea-sized, or grow to a few inches or larger
They grow very slowly, and they’re not painful
You should be able to move them around
They often have a central small black dot, or punctum, through which sebum accumulates
The cyst excretes a cheese-like liquid that has a foul smell
Cysts can disappear on their own without treatment
The trabecular meshwork is the eye's drainage system
Liquid flows through the trabecular meshwork, then through Schlemm's canal,
into collector channels, then to veins, and eventually back into the body's
circulatory system
Altered sleep architecture -- women get less slow wave sleep and more REM sleep;
REM sleep is lighter, and you can be more easily awakened from it
Anxiety -- generated chemicals don't interact with the GABA receptors to decrease
the stress response, and calm the mind and adrenals
Depression -- increase monoamine oxidase which breaks down neurotransmitters
(Serotonin, dopamine, and noraadrenaline; serotonin is used to make melatonin)
Can elevate your body temperature; a cooler core temperature makes you sleepy
Nutrient deficiencies -- B vitamins, zinc, and magnesium
Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of Taste 1 Receptor
member 2 (T1R2) and Taste 1 Receptor Member 3 (T1R3).
Four morphologic subtypes of TRCs have been identified.
Type I glial-like cells detect salty taste.
Type II cells express G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to detect
sweet, umami, and bitter tastes.
Type III cells sense sour stimuli.
Type IV cells likely represent stem or progenitor taste cells.
Type II cells do not form traditional synapses with afferent nerve fibers. Rather, these cells release ATP through hemichannels, which can then activate purinergic receptors (P2N2 and P2X3) present on the cranial nerve fibers innervating each taste bud.
Please notice that ATP is required for a person to taste something "sweet"
Loss of Taste with COVID
When I had the Alpha version of COVID, the loss of taste and smell was the first
symptom I noticed. I lost almost ALL sense of taste. However, my sense of "sweet"
was affected the most.
Some studies suggest that increased viral shedding in the saliva is linked to more taste loss
This may indicate direct viral damage to the taste cells
The taste receptors and the supporting cells of the taste buds on the tongue contains a
a viral receptor on the host cell, and the protein required to produce the processed
form of the viral spike
Direct viral effects on the brain can lead to taste alterations
ATP is used all over your body in thousands of chemical processes.
COIVD-19 (original, Alpha, Delta, or Omicron) affects the amount of ATP in your body.
Many of the side effects of COVID (loss of taste, brain fog, muscle aches,
loss of hair, etc) can be directly related to low phosphorus or ribose
(which are used to make ATP).
You can reduce/eliminate your symptoms of "long-haul" COVID by increasing your
levels of ATP. That is done by taking the precursors of ATP (namely, phosphorus
and ribose). Other things (like minerals) are also important.
In many cases, the "length" of your "long-haul" symptoms is directly related to
your diet (your intake of phosphorus, ribose, minerals, etc).
Many people experience muscle loss/weakness and often look 10 years older after
contracting a case of COVID (even a mild case). Muscle loss is often considered to be
a normal part of "aging". This can be reversed by an intake of HMB and Vitamin D3.
The last section of this webpage lists a few places which sell the supplements
mentioned in this webpage. I just googled the items, and listed some of the best prices.